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Ketamine for Tinnitus: Current Research and Mechanisms
An overview of the emerging research on ketamine as a potential treatment for tinnitus, including the glutamatergic theory of tinnitus, clinical evidence, and important limitations.
Sub-Anesthetic Dose: The Therapeutic Range for Ketamine in Depression
A definition of sub-anesthetic dosing — the low-dose ketamine range used to treat depression — including typical dosages, rationale, and how it differs from anesthetic use.
DEA Telehealth Prescribing Rules: What Changed in 2025
DEA telehealth prescribing rules for controlled substances in 2025: Ryan Haight extensions, in-person visit triggers, and what they mean for ketamine access.
Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD): Definition, Criteria, and Significance for Ketamine
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) defined: clinical criteria, the two-failed-trials threshold, and why TRD is the primary indication for ketamine therapy.
Glutamatergic System: The Excitatory Signaling Network Behind Ketamine's Effects
An overview of the glutamatergic system — the brain's primary excitatory neurotransmitter network — and its central role in how ketamine produces rapid antidepressant effects.
First-Pass Metabolism: How Liver Processing Affects Oral Ketamine
A definition of first-pass metabolism — the hepatic processing that reduces oral drug bioavailability — and its specific impact on oral ketamine formulations.
Serotonin Syndrome: Risks, Symptoms, and Relevance to Ketamine Therapy
Serotonin syndrome explained: symptoms, drug combinations that trigger it, and why patients on SSRIs or MAOIs need to discuss the risk before starting ketamine.
GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid): The Brain's Primary Inhibitory Neurotransmitter
A definition of GABA — the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter — and its relationship to ketamine's mechanism of action and therapeutic effects.
Schedule III Controlled Substance: Ketamine's DEA Classification Explained
Why ketamine is a Schedule III controlled substance: DEA criteria, prescribing rules, refill limits, telehealth implications, and how it compares to II and IV.
Ketamine vs TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation): A Clinical Comparison
Ketamine vs TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) for depression: how each works, response rates, session counts, side effects, cost, and patient fit.
mTOR Pathway: Ketamine's Role in Protein Synthesis and Synaptic Growth
A definition of the mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) signaling pathway and its critical role in how ketamine promotes rapid synaptogenesis and antidepressant effects.
Ketamine vs SSRIs: How They Compare for Treating Depression
Ketamine vs SSRIs for depression: onset (hours vs weeks), TRD response rates, side effects, dropout rates, monthly cost, and when each is typically prescribed.