Glossary Articles
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CGI-S and CGI-I: Clinical Global Impression Scale Defined
CGI-S and CGI-I are the 1-to-7 clinician-rated severity and improvement scores used alongside MADRS in ketamine and esketamine trials. See how they're scored.
K-Hole Definition: What It Means and Why It Happens
A k-hole is intense, high-dose ketamine dissociation. Learn what causes it, how it differs from clinical dosing, and why treatment avoids it.
What Is the CADSS Dissociative Scale? Definition Explained
The CADSS dissociative scale measures dissociation intensity in ketamine research. Learn what it scores, who uses it, and how to read results.
MADRS Score Explained in Ketamine Clinical Trials
MADRS is the 10-item scale most ketamine and esketamine trials use to measure depression severity. Learn how scoring, response, and remission work.
Ketamine Emergence Reaction: Definition & Symptoms
A ketamine emergence reaction is the confusion, vivid dreams, or agitation that can occur as the drug wears off. Learn causes, symptoms, and management.
Ketamine Dissociation Meaning: A Clear Definition
Learn what ketamine dissociation means, why it happens during treatment, and how it differs from other effects. Explore the full glossary.
Dissociative Anesthetic: Definition, Drug Class & Examples
Plain-language guide to dissociative anesthetics, what the term means, which drugs belong to this class, and why ketamine is categorized this way.
Enantiomer: Definition and Relevance to Ketamine
An enantiomer is a mirror-image molecular form. Learn how ketamine's two enantiomers, S-ketamine (esketamine) and R-ketamine (arketamine), differ.
Norketamine: Ketamine's Primary Metabolite Explained
What norketamine is, its half-life, pharmacological activity vs parent ketamine, and why this metabolite is central to how oral and sublingual ketamine work.
Racemic Mixture: S-Ketamine and R-Ketamine Enantiomers Explained
A definition of racemic mixture in the context of ketamine therapy, explaining the S and R enantiomers, their different pharmacological profiles, and clinical implications.
mTOR Pathway: Ketamine's Role in Protein Synthesis and Synaptic Growth
A definition of the mTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin) signaling pathway and its critical role in how ketamine promotes rapid synaptogenesis and antidepressant effects.
Treatment-Resistant Depression (TRD): Definition, Criteria, and Significance for Ketamine
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) defined: clinical criteria, the two-failed-trials threshold, and why TRD is the primary indication for ketamine therapy.
Sub-Anesthetic Dose: The Therapeutic Range for Ketamine in Depression
A definition of sub-anesthetic dosing, the low-dose ketamine range used to treat depression, including typical dosages, rationale, and how it differs from anesthetic use.